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A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves into the Earth's shadow.[1] This can occur only when the Sun, Earth, and Moon are exactly or very closely aligned (in syzygy) with Earth between the other two, and but on the night of a full moon. The type and length of a lunar eclipse depend on the Moon's proximity to either node of its orbit.[ citation needed ]
The reddish color of totally eclipsed Moon is caused by Globe completely blocking straight sunlight from reaching the Moon, with the only light reflected from the lunar surface has been refracted by Earth's temper. This light appears ruby-red for the same reason that a sunset or sunrise does: the Rayleigh scattering of bluish light.
Unlike a solar eclipse, which tin only be viewed from a relatively small area of the world, a lunar eclipse may exist viewed from anywhere on the dark side of Earth. A total lunar eclipse can last upward to well-nigh 2 hours, while a total solar eclipse lasts just up to a few minutes at any given place, because the Moon'southward shadow is smaller. Besides unlike solar eclipses, lunar eclipses are safe to view without any eye protection or special precautions, every bit they are dimmer than the total Moon.
For the date of the next eclipse, see § Contempo and forthcoming lunar eclipses.
Types of lunar eclipse
Earth's shadow tin can be divided into two distinctive parts: the umbra and penumbra. World totally occludes direct solar radiation inside the umbra, the fundamental region of the shadow. Even so, since the Sun's diameter appears nearly one-quarter of Globe'south in the lunar sky, the planet only partially blocks direct sunlight inside the penumbra, the outer portion of the shadow.
Penumbral lunar eclipse
This occurs when the Moon passes through World's penumbra. The penumbra causes a subtle dimming of the lunar surface, which is simply visible to the naked eye when about seventy% of the Moon's diameter has immersed into Earth'due south penumbra.[2] A special blazon of penumbral eclipse is a total penumbral lunar eclipse, during which the Moon lies exclusively within World's penumbra. Total penumbral eclipses are rare, and when these occur, the portion of the Moon closest to the umbra may announced slightly darker than the balance of the lunar disk.
Partial lunar eclipse
This occurs when only a portion of the Moon enters Earth's umbra, while a full lunar eclipse occurs when the entire Moon enters the planet'due south umbra. The Moon's boilerplate orbital speed is about one.03 km/south (2,300 mph), or a little more than than its bore per hour, so totality may final upward to nearly 107 minutes. Nevertheless, the total time betwixt the first and the last contacts of the Moon'due south limb with World's shadow is much longer and could last up to 236 minutes.[iii]
Total lunar eclipse
This occurs when the moon falls entirely within the earth's umbra. Just prior to complete entry, the effulgence of the lunar limb-- the curved edge of the moon notwithstanding being hit by direct sunlight-- will cause the residual of the moon to appear insufficiently dim. The moment the moon enters a complete eclipse, the entire surface will go more or less uniformly brilliant. Afterwards, every bit the moon's opposite limb is struck by sunlight, the overall disk will again become obscured. This is because as viewed from the Earth, the brightness of a lunar limb is generally greater than that of the balance of the surface due to reflections from the many surface irregularities inside the limb: sunlight hitting these irregularities is ever reflected dorsum in greater quantities than that striking more central parts, and is why the edges of full moons generally appear brighter than the residue of the lunar surface. This is similar to the outcome of velvet fabric over a convex curved surface which to an observer volition announced darkest at the center of the bend. It volition be truthful of whatever planetary torso with little or no atmosphere and an irregular cratered surface (e.g., Mercury) when viewed opposite the Sun.[4]
Central lunar eclipse
This is a total lunar eclipse during which the Moon passes through the middle of Earth's shadow, contacting the antisolar bespeak. This type of lunar eclipse is relatively rare.
The relative distance of the Moon from Earth at the time of an eclipse can touch on the eclipse's duration. In item, when the Moon is near apogee, the farthest point from World in its orbit, its orbital speed is the slowest. The diameter of Earth'due south umbra does non decrease appreciably within the changes in the Moon's orbital distance. Thus, the concurrence of a totally eclipsed Moon near apogee will lengthen the duration of totality.
Selenelion
A selenelion or selenehelion, as well called a horizontal eclipse, occurs where and when both the Lord's day and an eclipsed Moon can exist observed at the same time. The event tin only be observed just before sunset or just after sunrise, when both bodies will announced just above opposite horizons at nearly reverse points in the heaven. A selenelion occurs during every full lunar eclipse-- information technology is an experience of the observer, non a planetary event separate from the lunar eclipse itself. Typically, observers on Earth located on loftier mountain ridges undergoing imitation sunrise or false sunset at the same moment of a full lunar eclipse will be able to feel it. Although during selenelion the Moon is completely within the Earth's umbra, both it and the Sun can be observed in the sky because atmospheric refraction causes each body to appear higher (i.eastward., more fundamental) in the sky than its true geometric planetary position.[5]
Timing
The timing of total lunar eclipses is determined past what are known every bit its "contacts" (moments of contact with Earth's shadow):[half-dozen]
- P1 (First contact): Beginning of the penumbral eclipse. Earth'due south penumbra touches the Moon's outer limb.
- U1 (Second contact): Beginning of the partial eclipse. Globe's umbra touches the Moon'southward outer limb.
- U2 (Third contact): Start of the total eclipse. The Moon's surface is entirely within World'southward umbra.
- Greatest eclipse: The acme stage of the total eclipse. The Moon is at its closest to the center of Earth's umbra.
- U3 (Fourth contact): Finish of the total eclipse. The Moon's outer limb exits World's umbra.
- U4 (Fifth contact): End of the partial eclipse. Globe'south umbra leaves the Moon'southward surface.
- P4 (Sixth contact): Stop of the penumbral eclipse. Earth's penumbra no longer makes contact with the Moon.
Danjon scale
The post-obit calibration (the Danjon calibration) was devised by André Danjon for rating the overall darkness of lunar eclipses:[7]
- L = 0: Very night eclipse. Moon well-nigh invisible, particularly at mid-totality.
- Fifty = i: Dark eclipse, gray or chocolate-brown in coloration. Details distinguishable only with difficulty.
- L = ii: Deep red or rust-colored eclipse. Very dark cardinal shadow, while outer edge of umbra is relatively bright.
- 50 = 3: Brick-blood-red eclipse. Umbral shadow normally has a brilliant or yellow rim.
- 50 = 4: Very bright copper-red or orange eclipse. Umbral shadow is blue and has a very bright rim.
Lunar versus solar eclipse
There is oft confusion between a solar eclipse and a lunar eclipse. While both involve interactions between the Lord's day, Earth, and the Moon, they are very different in their interactions.
Lunar eclipse appearance
The Moon does not completely darken as it passes through the umbra because of the refraction of sunlight by World's atmosphere into the shadow cone; if World had no temper, the Moon would be completely dark during the eclipse.[8] The crimson coloration arises because sunlight reaching the Moon must pass through a long and dense layer of Earth's atmosphere, where it is scattered. Shorter wavelengths are more than likely to be scattered by the air molecules and small particles; thus, the longer wavelengths predominate by the time the light rays have penetrated the atmosphere. Homo vision perceives this resulting light as ruddy. This is the aforementioned effect that causes sunsets and sunrises to turn the sky a cherry-red color. An alternative way of conceiving this scenario is to realize that, every bit viewed from the Moon, the Sunday would appear to be setting (or ascent) backside World.
The amount of refracted calorie-free depends on the corporeality of dust or clouds in the atmosphere; this also controls how much light is scattered. In full general, the dustier the temper, the more that other wavelengths of light will be removed (compared to red light), leaving the resulting light a deeper cherry-red colour. This causes the resulting coppery-reddish hue of the Moon to vary from one eclipse to the side by side. Volcanoes are notable for expelling big quantities of dust into the temper, and a large eruption shortly earlier an eclipse can have a big consequence on the resulting color.
Lunar eclipse in civilisation
Several cultures have myths related to lunar eclipses or allude to the lunar eclipse equally being a good or bad omen. The Egyptians saw the eclipse as a sow swallowing the Moon for a short fourth dimension; other cultures view the eclipse as the Moon beingness swallowed by other animals, such as a jaguar in Mayan tradition, or a mythical 3-legged toad known as Chan Chu in Mainland china. Some societies thought it was a demon swallowing the Moon, and that they could chase it away by throwing stones and curses at it.[ix] The Ancient Greeks correctly believed the Earth was round and used the shadow from the lunar eclipse as evidence.[x] Some Hindus believe in the importance of bathing in the Ganges River post-obit an eclipse because it will help to achieve salvation.[xi]
Inca
Similarly to the Mayans, the Incans believed that lunar eclipses occurred when a jaguar ate the Moon, which is why a blood moon looks red. The Incans also believed that one time the jaguar finished eating the Moon, it could come up downwards and devour all the animals on Earth, so they would have spears and shout at the Moon to keep information technology away.[12]
Mesopotamians
The ancient Mesopotamians believed that a lunar eclipse was when the Moon was being attacked past seven demons. This attack was more than just ane on the Moon, notwithstanding, for the Mesopotamians linked what happened in the heaven with what happened on the land, and considering the king of Mesopotamia represented the land, the seven demons were thought to be besides attacking the king. In society to prevent this attack on the king, the Mesopotamians made someone pretend to be the king so they would be attacked instead of the true male monarch. Later the lunar eclipse was over, the substitute rex was fabricated to disappear (possibly by poisoning).[12]
Chinese
In some Chinese cultures, people would ring bells to forestall a dragon or other wild animals from biting the Moon.[13] In the 19th century, during a lunar eclipse, the Chinese navy fired its artillery because of this belief.[xiv] During the Zhou Dynasty (c. 1046–256 BC) in the Book of Songs, the sight of a Crimson Moon engulfed in darkness was believed to foreshadow dearth or illness.[15]
Claret moon
Certain lunar eclipses have been referred to as "blood moons" in popular articles but this is not a scientifically-recognized term.[xvi] This term has been given two carve up, but overlapping, meanings.
The first, and simpler, meaning relates to the reddish colour a totally eclipsed Moon takes on to observers on World.[17] Every bit sunlight penetrates the temper of Earth, the gaseous layer filters and refracts the rays in such a mode that the dark-green to violet wavelengths on the visible spectrum besprinkle more strongly than the crimson, thus giving the Moon a red bandage.[18]
The 2d meaning of "claret moon" has been derived from this apparent coloration by two fundamentalist Christian pastors, Mark Blitz and John Hagee.[16] [19] They claimed that the 2014–15 "lunar tetrad" of iv lunar eclipses coinciding with the feasts of Passover and Tabernacles matched the "moon turning to blood" described in the Book of Joel of the Hebrew Bible.[xix] This tetrad was claimed to herald the Second Coming of Christ and the Rapture as described in the Book of Revelation on the appointment of the first of the eclipses in this sequence on April xv, 2014.[xx]
Occurrence
At to the lowest degree ii lunar eclipses and as many equally five occur every year, although total lunar eclipses are significantly less common. If the date and time of an eclipse is known, the occurrences of upcoming eclipses are anticipated using an eclipse cycle, like the saros.
Contempo and forthcoming lunar eclipses
Eclipses occur only during an eclipse season, when the Sun appears to pass near either node of the Moon's orbit.
Lunar eclipse series sets from 2002–2005 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Descending node | Ascending node | |||||||
Saros Photo | Date View | Type Chart | Gamma | Saros Photo | Date View | Blazon Chart | Gamma | |
111 | 2002 May 26 | penumbral | 1.1759 | 116 | 2002 Nov 20 | penumbral | -1.1127 | |
121 | 2003 May sixteen | total | 0.4123 | 126 | 2003 Nov 09 | total | -0.4319 | |
131 | 2004 May 04 | total | -0.3132 | 136 | 2004 Oct 28 | total | 0.2846 | |
141 | 2005 Apr 24 | penumbral | -1.0885 | 146 | 2005 Oct 17 | partial | 0.9796 | |
Final set | 2002 Jun 24 | Final set | 2001 December 30 | |||||
Adjacent set | 2006 Mar xiv | Side by side set | 2006 Sep 7 |
Lunar eclipse series sets from 2006–2009 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Descending node | Ascending node | |||||||
Saros # and photograph | Appointment Viewing | Type Chart | Gamma | Saros # and photo | Appointment Viewing | Type Chart | Gamma | |
113 | 2006 Mar 14 | penumbral | 1.0211 | 118 | 2006 Sep 7 | fractional | -0.9262 | |
123 | 2007 Mar 03 | full | 0.3175 | 128 | 2007 Aug 28 | total | -0.2146 | |
133 | 2008 Feb 21 | full | -0.3992 | 138 | 2008 Aug xvi | fractional | 0.5646 | |
143 | 2009 Feb 09 | penumbral | -one.0640 | 148 | 2009 Aug 06 | penumbral | 1.3572 | |
Final ready | 2005 Apr 24 | Last fix | 2005 Oct 17 | |||||
Next gear up | 2009 December 31 | Next set | 2009 Jul 07 |
Lunar eclipse series sets from 2009–2013 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ascending node | Descending node | |||||||
Saros # Photo | Date Viewing | Type nautical chart | Gamma | Saros # Photograph | Date Viewing | Type chart | Gamma | |
110 | 2009 Jul 07 | penumbral | -1.4916 | 115 | 2009 Dec 31 | partial | 0.9766 | |
120 | 2010 Jun 26 | partial | -0.7091 | 125 | 2010 December 21 | total | 0.3214 | |
130 | 2011 Jun fifteen | total | 0.0897 | 135 | 2011 Dec 10 | total | -0.3882 | |
140 | 2012 Jun 04 | partial | 0.8248 | 145 | 2012 November 28 | penumbral | -1.0869 | |
150 | 2013 May 25 | penumbral | 1.5351 | |||||
Terminal set | 2009 Aug 06 | Last set | 2009 Feb 9 | |||||
Next prepare | 2013 Apr 25 | Adjacent ready | 2013 Oct 18 |
Lunar eclipse series sets from 2013–2016 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ascending node | Descending node | |||||||
Saros | Viewing engagement | Type | Gamma | Saros | Viewing date | Type | Gamma | |
112 | 2013 Apr 25 | Partial | -ane.0121 | 117 | 2013 October 18 | Penumbral | 1.1508 | |
122 | 2014 Apr 15 | Total | -0.3017 | 127 | 2014 October 08 | Total | 0.3827 | |
132 | 2015 Apr 04 | Total | 0.4460 | 137 | 2015 Sep 28 | Full | -0.3296 | |
142 | 2016 Mar 23 | Penumbral | 1.1592 | 147 | 2016 Sep sixteen | Penumbral | -one.0549 | |
Last gear up | 2013 May 25 | Final set | 2012 Nov 28 | |||||
Next set | 2017 February eleven | Next set | 2016 Aug 18 |
Lunar eclipse series sets from 2016–2020 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Descending node | Ascending node | |||||||
Saros | Date | Type Viewing | Gamma | Saros | Date Viewing | Type Chart | Gamma | |
109 | 2016 Aug 18 | Penumbral | 1.5641 | 114 | 2017 Feb 11 | Penumbral | -i.0255 | |
119 | 2017 Aug 07 | Partial | 0.8669 | 124 | 2018 Jan 31 | Total | -0.3014 | |
129 | 2018 Jul 27 | Total | 0.1168 | 134 | 2019 Jan 21 | Total | 0.3684 | |
139 | 2019 Jul sixteen | Partial | -0.6430 | 144 | 2020 January ten | Penumbral | ane.2406 | |
149 | 2020 Jul 05 | Penumbral | -1.3639 | |||||
Final fix | 2016 Sep 16 | Final prepare | 2016 Mar 23 | |||||
Next set | 2020 Jun 05 | Side by side prepare | 2020 Nov xxx |
Lunar eclipse series sets from 2020–2023 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Descending node | Ascending node | |||||||
Saros | Date | Type Viewing | Gamma | Saros | Date Viewing | Type Chart | Gamma | |
111 | 2020 Jun 05 | Penumbral | 1.24063 | 116 | 2020 Nov 30 | Penumbral | -1.13094 | |
121 | 2021 May 26 | Total | 0.47741 | 126 | 2021 Nov 19 | Partial | -0.45525 | |
131 | 2022 May xvi | Total | -0.25324 | 136 | 2022 Nov 08 | Total | 0.25703 | |
141 | 2023 May 05 | Penumbral | -1.03495 | 146 | 2023 Oct 28 | Partial | 0.94716 | |
Last prepare | 2020 Jul 05 | Last set up | 2020 Jan ten | |||||
Next set | 2024 Mar 25 | Next set | 2024 Sep 18 |
Lunar eclipse series sets from 2024–2027 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Descending node | Ascending node | |||||
Saros | Engagement | Type Viewing | Saros | Appointment Viewing | Type Chart | |
113 | 2024 Mar 25 | Penumbral | 118 | 2024 Sep 18 | Partial | |
123 | 2025 Mar xiv | Total | 128 | 2025 Sep 07 | Total | |
133 | 2026 Mar 03 | Total | 138 | 2026 Aug 28 | Partial | |
143 | 2027 February 20 | Penumbral | 148 | 2027 Aug 17 | Penumbral | |
Last set | 2023 May 05 | Last set | 2023 Oct 28 | |||
Side by side set | 2028 January 12 | Next ready | 2027 Jul eighteen |
Lunar eclipse series sets from 2027–2031 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Descending node | Ascending node | |||||
Saros | Date Viewing | Type Chart | Saros | Appointment Viewing | Blazon Chart | |
110 | 2027 Jul 18 | Penumbral | 115 | 2028 Jan 12 | Partial | |
120 | 2028 Jul 06 | Partial | 125 | 2028 Dec 31 | Full | |
130 | 2029 Jun 26 | Full | 135 | 2029 December 20 | Total | |
140 | 2030 Jun 15 | Partial | 145 | 2030 Dec 09 | Penumbral | |
150 | 2031 Jun 05 | Penumbral | ||||
Last ready | 2027 Aug 17 | Concluding set | 2027 February 20 | |||
Next ready | 2031 May 07 | Side by side set | 2031 October 30 |
Run into too
- Lists of lunar eclipses and Listing of 21st-century lunar eclipses
- Lunar occultation
- Moon illusion
- Orbit of the Moon
- Solar eclipse
References
- ^ McClure, Bruce (July 27, 2018). "Century's Longest Lunar Eclipse July 27". EarthSky . Retrieved August 1, 2018.
- ^ H. Mucke, J. Meeus (1992). Canon of Lunar Eclipses -2002 to +2526 (3rd ed.). Astronomisches Büro Wien. p. V.
- ^ Karttunen, Hannu (2007). Fundamental Astronomy. Springer. p. 139. ISBN9783540341444.
- ^ "Lunar Limb Magic". Astronomy.com. 27 November 2018.
- ^ "Observing Blog - In Search of Selenelion". Heaven & Telescope. 2010-06-26. Archived from the original on 2011-12-twenty. Retrieved 2011-12-08 .
- ^ Clarke, Kevin. "On the nature of eclipses". Inconstant Moon. Cyclopedia Selenica. Retrieved xix Dec 2010.
- ^ Deans, Paul; MacRobert, Alan M. (July sixteen, 2006). "Observing and Photographing Lunar Eclipses". Sky & Telescope. F+W.
- ^ Espenak, Fred; Meeus, Jean. "Visual Appearance of Lunar Eclipses". NASA.
The troposphere and stratosphere act together as a ring-shaped lens that refracts heavily reddened sunlight into Earth's umbral shadow.
- ^ Littmann, Mark; Espenak, Fred; Willcox, Ken (2008). "Chapter 4: Eclipses in Mythology". Totality Eclipses of the Sun (tertiary ed.). New York: Oxford University Printing. ISBN978-0-19-953209-4.
- ^ Pollack, Rebecca. "Ancient Myths Revised with Lunar Eclipse". University of Maryland. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
- ^ Ani. "Hindus accept a dip in the Ganges during Lunar Eclipse". Yahoo News . Retrieved 2 Oct 2014.
- ^ a b Lee, Jane (14 April 2014). "Lunar Eclipse Myths From Effectually the Globe". National Geographic . Retrieved 9 October 2014.
- ^ Quilas, Ma Evelyn. "Interesting Facts and Myths about Lunar Eclipse". LA Times . Retrieved 2 October 2014.
- ^ "Mythology of the Lunar Eclipse". LifeAsMyth.com.
- ^ Kaul, Gayatri (15 June 2011). "What Lunar Eclipse Ways in Different Parts of the World". Republic of india.com . Retrieved 6 October 2014.
- ^ a b Sappenfield, Mark (13 April 2014). "Blood Moon to arrive Monday night. What is a Blood Moon?". Christian Scientific discipline Monitor . Retrieved 8 February 2018.
- ^ Nigro, Nicholas (2010). Knack Night Sky: Decoding the Solar Organization, from Constellations to Black Holes. Globe Pequot. pp. 214–5. ISBN978-0-7627-6604-viii.
- ^ "All you need to know about the 'blood moon'". theguardian. 28 September 2015.
- ^ a b "What is a Blood Moon?". Earth & Heaven. 24 April 2014. Retrieved thirty May 2014.
- ^ Bailey, Sarah Pulliam (15 April 2014). "'Claret moon' sets off apocalyptic fence among some Christians". The Washington Postal service. Religion News Service. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
- ^ "Lunar Eclipse @ ESO". European Southern Observatory. Retrieved 14 Baronial 2017.
Further reading
- Bao-Lin Liu, Canon of Lunar Eclipses 1500 B.C.-A.D. 3000. Willmann-Bell, Richmond VA, 1992
- Jean Meeus and Hermann Mucke Catechism of Lunar Eclipses -2002 to +2526 (3rd edition). Astronomisches Büro, Vienna, 1992
- Espenak, F., 50 Year Canon of Lunar Eclipses: 1986–2035. NASA Reference Publication 1216, 1989
- Espenak, F. Thousand Year Catechism of Lunar Eclipses 1501 to 2500, Astropixels Publishing, Portal AZ, 2014
External links
- Lunar Eclipse Essentials: video from NASA
- Animated explanation of the mechanics of a lunar eclipse Archived 2013-06-03 at the Wayback Car, University of Southward Wales
- U.S. Navy Lunar Eclipse Computer Archived 2011-08-thirteen at the Wayback Automobile
- NASA Lunar Eclipse Page
- Search among the 12,064 lunar eclipses over five millennium and display interactive maps
- Lunar Eclipses for Beginners
- Tips on photographing the lunar eclipse from New York Institute of Photography Archived 2011-07-fourteen at the Wayback Machine
- Lunar Eclipse 08 October 2014 on YouTube
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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_eclipse
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